I see this differently. I believe that this is a combination of issues. I think dissolved organic compounds are the issue. They don't have to show up on a test to be a problem. Your sand bed is a great plus; not a minus. It is so efficient that when you add extra food, or reef fuel, etc the sand bed and live rock eat everything you give them that is not dissolved. A few thoughts:
You said your water changes all came from the sump. If that is the case; you need to use a gravel vacuum on the sand and suck out all of the dark built up organics. I would suck all of the sand clean including the sand under your rocks. I do this every week. I change 25% weekly. Once a year, I remove every rock and every coral. From there, I suck the sand clean until only clean water comes up. It can require you to add more water several times.
I noticed no hermits. Buy a pack of cleaners maybe 30 hermits, 30 snails.
Flow could be off. Add another powerhead.
Are you skimming? If you are; is it pulling out as much as it should be? Can you photo the collection cup?
You said your water changes all came from the sump. If that is the case; you need to use a gravel vacuum on the sand and suck out all of the dark built up organics. I would suck all of the sand clean including the sand under your rocks. I do this every week. I change 25% weekly. Once a year, I remove every rock and every coral. From there, I suck the sand clean until only clean water comes up. It can require you to add more water several times.
I noticed no hermits. Buy a pack of cleaners maybe 30 hermits, 30 snails.
Flow could be off. Add another powerhead.
Are you skimming? If you are; is it pulling out as much as it should be? Can you photo the collection cup?